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of migrant workers and college students about the employment situation of the Soviet Union
Peking University swords
Throughout the employment situation in China in recent years, we will find a seemingly contradictory phenomenon: My work in low-end intensive industries, while the shortage of migrant workers, represented by university graduates in the side of excess labor, there exists a serious phenomenon. the last two years, hit by the financial crisis, China is seeing a wave of migrant workers return home, migrant workers unemployment also appeared, but relatively speaking, the employment of college students are still more serious. This paper will discuss the reasons for this phenomenon and put forward policy recommendations.
This paper argues that both college students and migrant workers labor market trend is due to the different industrial structure in China due to the specific. the last 30 years, as have a large number of surplus rural laborers, so China's industrial structure has always been such a labor-intensive industries based, which led to farmers .30 large demand for workers in high growth essentially complete absorption of these workers, and increased enrollment since 1999 has significantly reduced the number of new migrant workers, which created a college enrollment, in the end of a corresponding increase in labor supply, but the industry structure did not change much, the demand for labor is still a low-end labor-based, which leads to students job difficult. Therefore, to solve the difficult employment students, first To quickly adjust the industrial structure, upgrade the industrial structure to improve the demand for college students; followed by structural adjustment Zhaosheng; the third is open to higher education market, to allow private colleges and public universities and equal competition, the efficiency of private colleges give full play to play high, the market identification and adaptable features. Finally, the paper argues that in a market economy, there will be end labor-intensive industries the shortage of migrant workers has become an indisputable fact. The main reason for this phenomenon can be attributed to the following aspects.
First of all, our current industrial structure, low-end labor-intensive industry and other industries, there are still significant in the amount of great advantage. here is the low-end labor-intensive industries, less demanding on the quality of the labor theory, mainly in high-intensity physical labor in industries such as construction, textile industry, processing industry. The industry requires a lot of good low-end physical labor, most migrant workers such conditions, so our job market needs of migrant workers has been in a situation of relatively strong in recent years, the National migrant workers in various parts of supply and demand gap has always existed. although the absolute amount, although it will fluctuate with the economic situation fluctuates, but compared to other workers on the job market needs, the relative needs of migrant workers can still be described as strong.
Second, China's economy three decades of rapid growth, has basically completed the absorption of surplus rural labor. Over the years, we have always maintained that China is a labor-intensive country, urban-rural dual structure of our economy makes a large number of surplus rural labor force. As for how much our country needs the transfer of rural surplus labor, China's surplus labor transfer is completed exactly when, and do not have a definitive answer. But when we change perspective, the perspective of an indirect market supply and demand of migrant workers to determine the nature of the situation and concluded it will be easier. we all know, product supply and demand determines the price is one of the most basic principles of economics. The price of a product reflects the good relationship between supply and demand, the price of the labor market the wages of labor. If a large number of surplus rural labor force, then competition among migrant workers so that wages will be maintained at a certain level, so there will be no major changes in wages, or wage increase rate is very low, up to maintain and the price level at a level; less surplus labor, or if not, with economic growth will increase the wages of migrant workers. Cai Fang in 2007 under the National Bureau of Statistics, the 1995-2005 average growth rate of wages in certain industries, further calculations can be found, mining, manufacturing, construction and postal delivery reservoir, respectively, in 2005 the average wage of the average wage in 1999, 2.34,1.71,1.56 and 1.62 times the growth rate can be very rapid, and this period China's inflation rate is not high, real wages have increased significantly. these industries belong to the employment of migrant workers than larger industries, Faced with this wage increase, we can believe that the transfer of rural surplus labor has been basically completed. use this method to determine our country's prosperity and the Labor Force completed the transfer can not be regarded as absolutely accurate, but in any case, in recent years migrant workers a sharp rise in wages, surplus, is indeed a strange that.
Third, a substantial college enrollment over the past decade to reduce the number of new migrant workers. We all know that a rural household's students, after completing high school education is facing three choices, further education college, stay at home and go out to work in farming. Since essentially the same amount of land resources, which can accommodate the basic fixed working population will choose the direction of the low probability of employment, can be ignored do not count. so it can be a choice for students in rural areas account for the further education and go out to simplify the work. In the traditional concept of rural China, to continue his education and go out to work is not the choice of two parallel between them is a sequence of It is generally believed, further studies should be better than to go out to work. In 1999, before the introduction of enrollment policies, the degree of difficulty in college is very high, rural students, if not particularly prominent in the nine-year compulsory education will choose to go out to work after a job, so China's rural labor force has become a large part of incremental migrant workers in urban employment. With nearly a decade of continuous college enrollment, college students in general are not so difficult as before, further studies into the optimal choice , the new young migrant workers decrease in the number of migrant workers.
summary, three o'clock we can find, because the industrial structure and other reasons, China is now the demand for migrant workers relative to other labor is still very strong, and from the supply side Look, the stock of surplus rural labor force can be approximated that the transfer has been completed, while the number of new migrant workers and college expansion policy with less, there will a shortage of migrant workers for granted.
Second, college students Why is Undergraduate enrollment into the job market, the total number of graduates increased by 80% to 1.877 million, this time, some students reported employment as easy as originally thought the article appeared .2005 and 2006 college graduates increased by to 3,068,000 and 3,775,000, respectively, in 2001 nearly 3 times and 3.6 times. And in 2009, over 700 million graduates need to solve the unemployment problem. Students br> 1999 the first higher learning institutions in a substantial expansion, the national college enrollment by 48%, of which national college enrollment from 108.4 million in 1998, expanded to 159.7 million in higher education enrollment nationwide .2000 220.6 million in 2001 to 268.3 million in 2002 to 320.5 million. By 2009 higher education programs nationwide enrollment of about 629 million people, from 1999 to 2009 the average growth rate of 14.7%. China's higher education gross enrollment rate rising to Fall 2008 enrollment, China's gross enrollment rate of colleges and universities has reached 23%, higher than 18 percentage points in 1993. This enrollment rate of higher education to achieve to migrant workers as the main body) of the supply-side increase in labor force (ie college students) supply.
from the national perspective of long-term development, higher education, In 2005, the number of students per million people in the standards, the United States 520 Canada 580 571 Korea, and China is only 120. This contrast illustrates the popularity of the process of higher education should continue to be promoted. But the problems facing our country at this stage is that higher education end of labor surplus, low-end labor shortage. the labor market and cultural qualities of the students of high demand for labor does not increase with the supply. This has resulted in college students in China appear .
Graduate Employment Another major difficulty is set higher with the market demand of professional, student choice and market demand decoupling, some students blind pursuit of high academic qualifications, without attention to future employment whereabouts, which led to lack of market demand Recruitment of professional and educational level too, the market demand for professional and educational level of enrollment is too small, the result is too many college students, and well-trained skilled workers, a serious shortage of supply. China's higher education market is supplied largely determined by the state , and the demand from the total economy and industrial structure decisions. State and school enrollment plan will determine the composition of professional students, the school of professional time in the set, mostly based on the previous two years of ; hot established jurisprudence, while the demand for high quality, although law graduates is increasing, but the increase can not proportional to the amount and the increase in graduates, law graduates serious supply exceeds demand, especially the phenomenon of the difficult employment, a large number of graduates Students with the non-professional employment channels. On the other hand, on the serious imbalance between supply and demand, college students, Students just today's problems until tomorrow to resolve the current industrial structure, not only to win time to solve the problem from the root of the problem. The increase in the number of civil service positions is limited, given the current rate of civil service positions apply Luqu to increase civil service positions on a large team of university graduates in terms of employment, just drop in the bucket, not college students from the fundamental solution to the known data infer that the number of college graduates in 2013 will not be any downward trend, if present in the tens of millions of school students within the next four years if employment subsidies, the government of any country is not a rational and can afford the expenditure.
students from the fundamental solution to the end of the labor-intensive industrial structure adjusted to the end of the labor-intensive industrial structure, upgrade the industrial structure, but also out of the end of labor surplus, low-end labor shortage. rather than continue to rely on under the conditions of unlimited labor supply of cheap labor from rural areas to create profits. contrast Europe and other developed countries, China's current situation facing the industry, including quality, energy efficiency, including many of the problems. resource consumption, technology low content and low added value of this phenomenon has been plagued for decades, and now we have high cultural quality of the workforce to upgrade the industrial structure has the necessary conditions for making it possible to get rid of resource consumption, low-tech low added value predicament. So part of the industry restructuring as soon as possible to upgrade, improve efficiency, better use of human capital accumulation of benefits, reduce inefficiencies in resource allocation, for the contribution of new economic growth power. countries and resource-intensive train individual families can not engage the students to play their best work, college students, Employment , to achieve structural balance. For the accumulation. For the application of strong, has a stable market demand for professional, step by step should be to maintain or expand the original enrollment plans. in enrollment plan level, our current system there are many deficiencies. the face of labor market demand for skilled workers should expand training colleges and vocational technical school enrollment capacity, the amount of reduction in enrollment at undergraduate level or to control its growth. the application of highly specialized education, education cycle is shorter compared to undergraduate education, personnel can faster to market, ease the current existence of the structural labor supply and demand imbalances, the adjustment from the labor supply to solve the employment problems of college students have great significance.
problems facing China's education market is not just professional settings, the proportion of college enrollment out of touch with the market, the inefficiency of the education market is not adjusted admissions by the ratio of professional to set strict conditions can completely resolved. With the development of market economy, open market requirements of higher education will become more apparent . China now, although there are private universities, but they are actually faced with many constraints. The most obvious constraint is reflected in the higher education entrance exams in many provinces and cities in the batch enrollment, private schools only in the second batch of undergraduate admissions, some provinces City, third or even set up special undergraduate enrollment, private schools in such a definition can not be changed under the inherent image. Private schools have increasingly become a reputation for teaching quality and teaching in public schools are worse than the body. As time progresses, private can not afford the school does not motivate them out of the inherent definition of the beginning, has become a symbol of low-end educational institutions. the other hand, foreign schools, from Harvard, Yale and Stanford to the UK's Cambridge and Oxford and then to Japan Waseda and other leading universities are private universities, which shows the prospect of private schools in the form of this school is very good, but in the context of the existing system of private universities and public universities without any possibility of fair competition. If education market will open further to the private colleges, from admissions, research grant applications, staff recruitment and other issues with equal opportunity to compete in public universities, private universities will adjust the supply and demand in the labor market make a great contribution. This is due to Private Colleges and Universities with high efficiency, market recognition and adaptability advantages. Private University for their survival, they must be more to consider the employment prospects for the students to choose the professional job market may be information. Over time, good of more powerful private universities can gradually get rid of low-education of the errors, with the division of public institutions of higher learning. good will eventually become an elite private colleges of education, focusing on efficiency; public institutions of higher learning as mass education, the focus on equity. This is meet the future trends of social development.
four, the correct treatment, 2009 graduating high school seniors in Chongqing, there are thousands of candidates did not enroll in college entrance examination.
the face of this situation, clear quality, reading will naturally not be Education is a cost, how much education a person choose to accept depends on the person's cost-benefit analysis of education. If the last found some kind of education more harm than good, and that is the education level of workers engaged in the work of more than its required level. will get more education and higher income and so-called decent work contacts between the absolute fact is bound to give us a cruel blow. In a market economy, because labor supply and demand need to match each other, without regard to employment needs of blind investment and over-education in the final reduced everywhere. the labor market is a special market, its demand and supply in time is out of touch: with a certain educational background of the demand for labor is the current period , and changes at any time; and the supply of this labor is the decision a few years ago, is not at liberty to change. People when their decisions can only be based, After education, the market expectations. As a long time to education, such expectations can not be completely accurate. may be the last aspect of social acceptance of a demand for highly educated people do not increase the supply of fast, then certainly one can not find their ideal work can not be expected to obtain their high income, the analysis, the behavior of high school students in Chongqing also understandable. As a high school graduates, the choice of which factors considered include the types of higher education can provide, the existing highly educated university graduates Health and employment situation, the existing high school graduates did not receive higher education in the employment situation and income, higher education must pay the costs and potential gains, and so on. Considering the current low-end labor market supply and demand and acceptance of inequality investment in education and family must make their own economic status and other factors, these high school students choose not to take the exam in Chongqing is entirely the result of rational choice. on the market supply and demand of higher education caused by the decoupling of structural defects, but also the students not willing to pay a lot of time and economic cost to accept the needs of the labor market is divorced from one of the important reasons of higher education. Although more than Chongqing, the selection of candidates and preparing for college entrance than the thousands of thousands of candidates only a small part, but we can not ignore the signals of higher education behind the structural defects. Education is the increase in an important form of human capital, education should be a lot of investment, social, and individuals have to pay a substantial cost. Education market is now not very effective allocation of resources, we are using more and more social resources is not so good to meet the demand for education. In a market economy, the education market, the supply should be closer to market needs, to higher the supply of education, we should provide a variety of education high school graduates choose to provide them closer to the needs of the labor market services, such as skills training services, configuration of such resources will be closer to the optimal level Social order to minimize the cost to achieve maximum progress.
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