Japan and the Ryukyu hundred and thirty years of reflection [1]

 Location of the Ryukyu States (Wikipedia)
under the old order in the Hua Yi in Okinawa was a separate country in 1879 was annexed by Japan, has been a full hundred and thirty years. Subsequently, the Ryukyu occurred in all aspects of society tremendous changes. Although a period of time after the fall of Okinawa has emerged a tragic Zionism, but has already changed its name to . hundred and thirty years to the Ryukyu (Okinawa) of social change, how to bring what are the implications of human history? just like father and son of the former and the Ryukyu Islands and the Chinese people in China can bring to the reflection?
all had from Speaking of Okinawa perished the day.
hundred and thirty years ago today, that is, March 25, 1879, this is an extraordinary day, four and a half centuries since the founding of the Ryukyus, and ushered in the first uninvited guest, and this could like a 六 2009, as in the survival of the crisis relating to continuation of the Kingdom of Ryukyu lifeblood of the country, including the Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa National Wang Shangtai senior government seems to have a pretty good idea.
day by the order of the Meiji government, who is also on the 17th, Matsuda and his party to force stormed the palace Okinawa Shuri Castle, and enter the main hall, read the Japanese Government Reform issued a series of circulars including the abolition of the high-level representatives of Okinawa were a petition of protest, and quickly collected the fifty-three, including senior Nobles joint. The next day, the protest petition submitted by three of the Officials regard to Matsuda. The contents include the Meiji government to protest violations of one thousand eight hundred seventy-two does not change the state system of Okinawa's commitment, the Meiji government to withdraw its order request to maintain the continuation of the Ryukyu country.
However, Okinawa's protests and requests failed. on the 29th, forced to move out of the palace and other royal family members, moved to temporary accommodation in the City Hall of the Prince Imperial. Matsuda has begun the disintegration of the Ryukyu States operations, including receiving the Ryukyu all government and diplomatic instruments.
Since then, the founding of the one thousand four hundred twenty-nine State of the Ryukyu, after a whole four hundred and fifty years later, was finally destroyed.
had refused to plead illness and temporarily moved to Tokyo, the Prince is still the last country Wangshang Tai and Dian, and ultimately still have to board ships bound for Tokyo, Matsuda and his party left Okinawa to follow. is still king in 1901 in Tokyo residence in the death of Iidabashi.
Okinawa last country Wangshang Tai (1843-1901.Wikipedia)
Okinawa perished, the number of the elite fought in Okinawa launched a magnificent Zionist movement against the Japanese annexation of this wave motion and ruled nearly a quarter century period, including to China for help, assistance to foreign ambassadors in Tokyo, Okinawa officials originally refused his new post, the former senior officials of the Inter- against the annexation of the joint, strike, strike, penetrate all over the because China did not send troops to Okinawa, and China itself in 1895 ended in Japan in the Sino lost.
1895 Sino after the Okinawans began to explore the future direction, including a positive attitude to participate in the construction of a new society in Okinawa and Japan as well as the integration process.
However, the 1945 defeat in World War II Japan, Okinawa by the U.S. occupation and continued for over twenty years of rule, during the Okinawa society has launched a vigorous The author in 2007 with a survey conducted by University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa reflect Qicheng hundred and thirty years ago, people on the Japanese annexation of Okinawa as part of Japan's Ryukyu leaving affirmed.
the passage of time, and now Most of the Okinawan people have hundred and thirty years ago, not sure exactly what happened. and those for the complex Ryukyu patriots running the country and the deeds of more is not known. This is a reflection of a society's collective Memory and Identity Construction of the new relationship: remember right now the direction of the community to pursue , forgotten of course, include a protest against Japan's annexation of the year, and no hope of recovery and martyred by the Ryukyu Chester Lin Shi Gong's name, deeds, and left tear-jerking tragic poem.
whole obsession with a few people since ancient times Chunghsiao homelessness Utah has been one death and five years of post-Dependent brother kept boat Diocese Yin
personally identify illegal twenty years Dinh universe half a sinner old 涙 double white hairdresser recalled children is more stressful for another tragic news
(Lin Shi Qing Gong Beijing to run for help, after fail because of recovery, at 20 November 1880 from the edge of martyred and was buried in Datong)
to China for help of the Zionist elite Ryukyu (1896. Naha city government provides)
View all Okinawa National Marxist discourse, can be found: almost all argument does not mention the existence of the kingdom for five hundred years of history. more than that in Okinawa in the past it has experiences, but also a fight for the rights of Okinawa today, or with the central government fight the bargaining table. For example, the 1996 U.S. military bases around Okinawa triggered a series of violent clashes with the Central, the Okinawa Prefecture Governor Masahide Ota refused to sign the extension of the the right to use U.S. military bases in the statement of the proceedings, to spend the first part of the nearly fifty pages long, detailed statement of the former only appeared with U.S. military bases after the war there is no coherent, Daejeon governor's no clear purpose or struggle object, generally different from the people of Okinawa to the Japanese mainland that some five hundred years of history and culture of the Kingdom is still talked about. This is the history of Okinawa from the simple general statement of touch, a lot of tourist information such as data also can be proved. worth noting, is said in these presentation materials and positioning of the relevant Ryukyu Kingdom. is a saying popular in recent years, has almost become a given, said that Satsuma since 2069 after the invasion, the Ryukyu Islands to the loss of an independent status. over their own country and unique culture, to express the identity of Okinawa. However, such a Ryukyu What is the relationship of Japan and it?
history of the State visit Okinawa, although during experienced ups and downs, but the entire historical context is relatively clear. Ryukyu founding in 1429 until 1879 as annexed by Japan until the Meiji, the Kingdom to maintain a total of four hundred and fifty years. Ryukyu Kingdom, has been incorporated into the very beginning, Even in the Ming and Qing periods alternating with Hongwu years (1372), relations with them were in Okinawa as long as five hundred years, during which China rarely directly involved in the internal affairs of the Ryukyus. However, the Kingdom of Ryukyu, and the early nation-building operation is closely related with the Ming Dynasty. For example, the Cheng Fu, Wang Mao, Yin Xi Ye, Huai and other personnel from the Ming Dynasty, to be reused, they are among the national phase as well as multi-regent, the most pleasing of the auxiliary machine Zhongshan King Huai. Huai Magical Art of War Machine in addition to direct Okinawa is still the bus to promote unity, but also led the first palace in the city and the Naha port construction, and opened trade relations with Southeast Asia. However, what pregnant machine how to come to Okinawa, has yet to be said that the more powerful said, is to accept the dispatch of the Ming emperor, came to assist the founding of Okinawa. Ming Dynasty and the close relationship between Okinawa, but also between the beginning of the dispatch of the official start on Okinawa Health [7] to the Imperial College school, and given the Ryukyu Six surname troops invaded in 2069, Okinawa and has since forced to concede defeat to the Japanese secretly, on a regular basis to pay heavy taxes. After two hundred and seventy years, Okinawa suffered Satsuma press and political control of the economy [9], however, and Satsuma the relationship between Okinawa and not made public, making the state system to renew the Ryukyus, and the relationship between Okinawa of them were also maintained. So on the one hand China Zheng Shuo Feng, content with the succumbed to Japan, to accept some degree of control of the households Prior to the Ryukyu tributary to China has not fully independent kingdom, is only the intervention of Satsuma, and further weakened the Ryukyu's independence. However, Okinawa has some autonomy as a power status also entered the modern period Some European countries have been recognized. This may be transformed into a modern sovereign status of the country, from the 1854 Okinawa and the U.S. sign the in 1859 and the Netherlands sign the the status of the Kingdom of the times, indeed, should be regarded as ? have on how the national consciousness? Okinawa and also how to understand the relationship between China and Japan do?
[1] Indeed, the community's own approach to national identity and recognition, will affect the sense of belonging is to stabilize, or confusion.
[2] See Okinawa Prefecture, ed Okinawa: History の suffering - whether the action agency to prepare a signed written refusal yo ri (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1996), pp 1 ~ 50.
[3] proposed twelfth century, during which known as According to Okinawa historian Kora Kurayoshi is said, is to set up their own king of system legitimacy, and access to the then trade the right to participate. see Kora Kurayoshi, Ryukyu Kingdom の structure (Tokyo: Hiroyuki Yoshikawa Wen, 1987), page 13 16.
[6] Park Jun-Chao series, colleges and universities Okinawa? Okinawa history, new? Increase or fill Edition (Naha: Planning Workshop Japan, 2001), p. 36.
[7] of students from government . more was sent to Beijing Imperial College education, learning and living expenses provided by China. Under the system, from 1392 to 1869 period, the Ryukyu Islands were sent twenty-four one hundred twenty-six Officer of Health . In addition, there are private costs to study the , page 39 ~ 40.
[8] people thirty-six name, between the illegal い だ ら け の Okinawa History - Yin の Kingdom (Naha: Ryukyu new newspaper, 1992), p. 223 ~ 258; field name of truth, 159 ~ 180.
[9] Satsuma invasion of Okinawa in 2069 after the establishment in Naha After 2024, The , sense of identity is one of the basic conditions for production must have with him the experience of those contacts and exchanges. From the point of view, the Ryukyu Islands in the five hundred years of history, from beginning to end has been in the higher frequency of external contacts and exchange state, and therefore part of the elite in the Ryukyu dynasty, there is some degree of many of them were long-term exchange relations, Korea, and Southeast Asia in the past and the frequent trade, coupled with the mid-nineteenth century mentioned above Ryukyu contact and collision with the Western powers the experience will help in some of the Ryukyu Jing between Britain and budding sense of belonging to a certain extent. The following attempts to several documents and data, spy out the clues.
nations Jinliang Bell (Okinawa Prefectural Museum)
Okinawa Prefectural Museum, is still preserved 1458 by its long time of the order of the country Wangshang Tai cast a bell, known as the States are the South China Sea resorts and Chung Samhan of the show, the Ming dynasty, supplemented by car, to date domain lips and teeth, in the middle of emission of Penglai Nakajima also to Vessels for the nations of the Jin Liang, different production treasure filled with ten brake hh In addition to highlighting the thriving due to the Ryukyu trade and with pride, but also more clearly depicts the relationship between Okinawa and the surrounding, including relations with China with a to describe, shows the close relationship between the two inseparable.
heyday of Foreign Trade and the road map Ryukyu (Japanese)
However, in addition to ) view of the inscription on the bell, and not clearly expressed in it. On the other hand, the Ryukyu long-circulating a traditional folk saying: Okinawa under its shelter, such as the horseshoe of Japan, Okinawa, by its violation, and Okinawa himself as small as needles. which reveals the perception of Japan's likes and dislikes, when understood as Okinawa is on the relations with China were given a positive evaluation , and the evaluation of relations with Japan is more negative.
addition, from Okinawa in the late two information can be confirmed this view of China and Japan view.
look at the relations with China. Japan into the soon after the Meiji period to start deploying the annexation of the Ryukyu plan. 1875 the Japanese sent a large Cheng Matsuda House Road to Okinawa, asked the first closure in tribute to sever relations with China, it was presided over three of the Officials of State [1 ] and so to the Ryukyu Relations is a specific statements. Ryukyu was rejected Japan's request though, but also the advent of deep crisis in the Kingdom, the Secretary then sent three officials to Tokyo to start petitions, etc., in addition to petitions to the Japanese Meiji government, but at that time diplomats to countries in Tokyo for help, to help persuade. October 11, 1878 as revealed the Ryukyu and China, , the request to withdraw the Japanese Ryukyu sever the relationship requirement also spent nearly half of the length, and strongly half of the fourteenth century the Ryukyu dynasty founding of the reason to be, thanks to shelter and aid to China. its content can be divided into two parts, one related to the establishment and maintenance of the Kingdom, and the other involving Okinawa operation of society and culture. The former emphasizes the founding of the Ryukyu tributary dependent relationship with China, which in addition to Okinawa, said Ryukyu Ryukyu king of vassal relations with the crown seal is printed on the gift of the Emperor of China (Naha City Museum)
the other hand, submitted to the Qing government of the Ryukyu petition are all expressed more loyalty to China, For example, December 3, 1883 before the tribute was made by the light to the text of the petition presented to the Board of Rites, forever loyal to clearly stated China's determination: The revered by Sheng Zhao discuss urgent given day, of recovery re- Jun, China and the DPRK of the vassal always remain tribute repair job to keep a border community Feng cases. is to state the main, lower, and subjects, recalling million years, were both wearing infinite royal constitution DS [5].
in stressed that China Yan high thick with Ministry of Home Affairs, in Tokyo. and before the relationship between Okinawa and the Satsuma clan, then described as unequal relationship between persons.
by the Ryukyu culture of China and Japan, so in addition to the existence among the elite gentry Okinawa numerous reverence by the Chinese culture, Japanese culture is also no shortage of admirers. Ryukyu Kingdom of the Officials of the late bit to the time-honored three (Ginowan on the pro side towards the security 1823-1876) is known at Okinawa and the song poet, and the preparation of the br> However, even seen as pro-Japanese faction to the exercise and its identity has not come back to Japan. Emperor Meiji's reign, Okinawa in 1872 to celebrate the group sent to Tokyo. The delegation is made by a still healthy (Ie Prince) and Fushi, led to the exercise and [6], because of its failure to detect when the Japanese annexation of Okinawa have been deployed, so the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs of State Hill met with Vice-island species, the Ryukyu and his party actually has the Japanese side demanded the return of sixteen nine years after the Satsuma invasion of the Ryukyu Islands usurp the Big Island (Amami Islands) [], that the islands after a lapse of two hundred and sixty seven years old by Satsuma on Okinawa by the elite of the country still bear a grudge killing. in the sense of identity is revealed on the two messages, one clearly distinguishes between the Therefore, the elite can be interpreted as the Ryukyu Islands has been very strong there, side at the same time as the Ryukyu Islands for their country, and its have a degree of identity. It is worth noting that in future formal entry into the modern Ryukyu process, if the opportunity that North Korea and other Chinese Outlying Prefectures, Annan (now the Vietnam), etc., transformed into a modern sovereign state, then the , Okinawa's fortunes is not moving in the direction of this evolution. In the process into the modern, the East Asian pattern of historical change, Okinawa, which culminated in 1879 annexed by Japan, and easy for the Japanese Three of the Officials for the overall control of the Ryukyu Kingdom's most senior political official.
[2] Hi She field toward the Yin, Walk Okinawa (Tokyo: Zhi Yan Press, 1977), p. 39.
[3] to Mao Feng The Ryukyu called .
[4] Matsuda Road Code, Ryukyu action, Volume 2 (the man who compiled the village 冨, Information Series No. 4 of the Meiji culture 巻 diplomatic papers) (Tokyo: Kazama study, 1962), p. 179.
[5] See Wang Yanwei (Tao Fu), Wang Liang series, Qing Foreign Historical (courtesy of the Department of Foreign Historical Compilation printed edition), 巻 thirty-seven (1932 ~ 1933 Annual Report; Nanjing: Bibliography Academic Press, 1987) , pages 674 ~ 675; West hi-line code, Okinawa Salvation petition integration, Okinawa research data 13 (Tokyo: Hosei University, Okinawa Institute of Culture, 1992). In addition, the former in modern China and the Ryukyu Islands were from the relationship, both non-modern context the relationship between central and local, but also the relationship between the non-sovereign state, it can identify coordinates with the modern interpretation of its allegiance to China when the Ryukyu Islands and the centripetal force, remains to be further studied.
[ ,],[range, but it returned earlier in 1953 to Japan.
[8] Hi She field toward the Yin, cit, p. 9.
[9] Ryukyu elite were on the land dedication, in the refined by the hair length (the first country by pro-Sheng cloud, the last tribute to the Ryukyu), who in a September 18, 2088 Prince Kung to submit their petition to show it clearly: (referring to the island of Okinawa Island, rump, in the head, country head), but dozens of miles east to west at the north to south and less than four hundred years, outside thirty-six Island, including eight in the former Ming Dynasty Island industry accounted for by Japanese, now Thirty-eight of the island hh ~ 1881], the former Fuzhou Ryukyu collection, manuscripts now Onna Okinawa Prefectural Library East Library Collections); or see West hi-line, op (1992), p. 71 ~ 72.
socially how to generate the universal sense of identity? In this issue, including from the post-war ethnic consciousness and nationalism theory, including many pioneer, when can be roughly classified into two categories. First, the is the It highlighted the common ethnic origin, cultural ties and historical memory and other factors, while actively looking at the history of the origins of nationalism [1]. The to form a common sense of belonging to society, nationalism can only be the product of modern society.
I basically stood in the , national education, mass media, cases, and even national identity, national or ethnic identity WAN such a universal sense of belonging to society are less likely to gather. However, I also think that, even pre-modern society, in a a small part of the opportunity to participate in affairs of state with the can be regarded as cases of this view. Meanwhile, I also support the Smith, the [3 or , Okinawa in the whole society to the state or national sense of identity for the allegiance of the former Kingdom of the modern period is clearly not possible. In other words, the political elite in between some of the from the the process of moving into the modern huge impact experienced, resulting in a lot of the people of Okinawa are still in question: All ethnic groups in the transition to a modern state to create or process, have experienced varying degrees of impact. However, the Ryukyu people in the nation and national identity, the plight of the construction on, obviously not with China or Japan, or even the same day North Korea and Vietnam and language. this difference to a large extent, depends on the countries of East Asia in the first modern location and the modern environmental changes encountered before.
East Asian traditional world system